| Input | What the system receives from the environment to operate on |
| Process | The transformation applied to the input within the system |
| Output | The result or product that comes out of the system |
| Components | The internal parts that perform specific functions (e.g., subsystems, modules) |
| Boundaries | The limits of the system—what’s inside vs. what’s external |
| Environment | The external context or conditions the system interacts with |
| Feedback | Information sent back into the system to adjust or improve its operation |
| Control | Mechanisms that guide or govern the system’s behavior |
| Interface | How parts of the system or system/environment interact |
| State | The internal condition of the system at a given time |
